![]() ![]() Given at the same time or quickly after induction. Some may also consider pretreatment with atropine in children less than 1 year of age. Some emergency physicians may pretreat with lidocaine or fentanyl in trauma patients who might already have increased intracranial pressure. Pretreatment done a few minutes prior to induction and paralysis is meant to mitigate the physiological response of the body to the procedure, as a catecholamine surge can result in increased sympathetic activity (elevated heart rate and blood pressure), increased intracranial pressure, and bronchospasm. This can be done with a non-rebreather mask on 15L O 2 and 100% O 2 nasal cannula before and during the procedure (termed “apneic” oxygen). The goal in this step is to wash out as much nitrogen in the body to provide an oxygen reserve for the patient while they are apneic. Neck mobility: Anything that prevents ideal positioning of the neck, such as a c-collar, will make intubation more difficult. ![]() Obstruction: Possible foreign body, epiglottitis, edema, stridor, etc.Mallampati score: The more of the throat you can see, the easier it will be. ![]()
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